In the early morning light of Ash Wednesday, the primary day in the Church calendar for Christian penance, Giordano Bruno, one of the most original minds of the sixteenth century, rode into Rome's Campo de' Fiori on a mule. Stripped naked and gagged with a leather bridle to prevent him from shouting out heresies to those present in the plaza, Bruno mounted the pile of firewood, charcoal, kindling, and pitch. Tied to the stake, Bruno turned his head away in anger when a crucifix was held up to his face. The pyre was lit and the flames leaped to consume Bruno. Today, Giordano Bruno is widely seen as a martyr to the cause of free speech.

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bruno, a martyr to the cause of free speech, famous trials, famous trials: trials of giordano bruno (1592-1600), stripped naked and tied to the stake, he was burned alive, giordano bruno

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Classroom Considerations

• Knovation Readability Score: 5 (1 low difficulty, 5 high difficulty)