We’ve already learned a bit about substitution reactions in organic chemistry and the two different paths they can follow: SN1 and SN2. In order to better predict the products of a substitution reaction and understand how they work, we...

If you’ve been paying attention so far in this series, you’ve probably heard of benzene. This molecule is flat, cyclic, and belongs to a special class of compounds known as aromatics. In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry,...

In the previous episode we discussed what happens when we use electrophilic aromatic substitution to add a group to a benzene ring, but what happens when you try to add even more groups? Well, things get a little more complicated. In...

We’ve already learned a lot about electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) and benzene, but guess what? There’s even more to learn! In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry we’ll revisit our old friends the Friedel-Crafts...

We’ve talked about benzene a bit already in this series, but did you know that benzene rings are present in all kinds of familiar substances? The styrofoam packaging that comes with new appliances, some pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and...

Have you ever wondered where cured meats like salami or pepperoni get their bright red color? Of course its from organic chemistry! A chemical called nitric acid gives them that bright color, while also increasing their shelf. It's also...

Biphenyls are compounds consisting of two benzene rings connected by a single bond. In certain biphenyls, bulky substituents on the ortho positions of the rings can prevent free rotation around the bond, locking the rings in different...

The -M effect involves electron withdrawal through resonance. In nitrobenzene, the nitro group pulls electron density away from the benzene ring, decreasing electron density and making the ring less reactive in electrophilic substitution...

The +M effect refers to electron donation through resonance, as seen in phenol where the hydroxyl group donates electrons into the benzene ring. This increases electron density in the ring and impacts reactivity and acidity

Resonance has far-reaching effects on molecular properties. It can equalize bond lengths, making double bonds longer and single bonds shorter than expected. It also stabilizes charged species, influencing acidity and basicity. For...

Hey guys! In this video, I discuss the grouping and classification of amino acids. In particular, I discuss polar/non-polar, acidic/basic, branched chain amino acids, hydroxyl group containing amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and...

In this video, we will discuss the following:

[1] the synthesis of thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, from iodide and thyroglobulin in follicular c
ells.
[2] the activation of T4 to T3 which occurs at the target c
ell level.
[3]...

Professor Dave explains the science and theory behind pericyclic reactions (Part Three)

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine Catabolism to Acetoacetate

In this video, we explore the biosynthesis, the mechanism, and clinical applications of coenzyme Q, an absolutely critical cofactor of the mammalian electron transport chain.

Part 1 of Tryptophan Degradation by the Liver

Melanin Physiology: Conversion of Dopachrome to Dihdroxyindole

Catecholamine Synthesis Lesson: Pathway, Enzymes, Co-Factors and Genetic Diseases.



Hey everyone! In this lesson you will learn about the pathway involving the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine and...

Heroin & Morphine | Metabolism & Mechanism of Action

In this video, I discuss the biosynthesis of the third aromatic amino acid, Tryptophan, from chorismate which occurs in the plastid (chloroplast).

In this video, we discuss the mechanism of benzodiazepines (e.g., xanax, ativan). In doing so, we also cover the functions of the GABAa receptor and the effects of benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohols on it.

In this video, we discuss the reasons why a Thanksgiving Turkey dinner leaves you feeling ready for a nap.

It gives idea about the nomenclature, structure, properties, preparation methods, substitution reaction, meta-para-ortho directing functional groups.

Dopachrome Tautomerase: Physiology, Biochemistry, and Mechanism