This week we answer skeptics like Descartes with empiricism. Hank explains John Locke’s primary and secondary qualities and why George Berkeley doesn’t think that distinction works -- leaving us with literally nothing but our minds,...

If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound? Philosopher George Berkeley asked this famous question in 1710, and people are still debating it.



Where is the forest...

We've learned about rationalism and empiricism as the two important movements in early modern philosophy, and the most important one that followed was idealism, which was an attempt to adapt and synthesize these previous two schools....